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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity
03:37

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Weight gain during a double-blind multidosage clozapine study.

Jose de Leon1, Francisco J Diaz, Richard C Josiassen

  • 1Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. jdeleon@uky.edu

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
|January 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Clozapine treatment can cause weight gain, particularly in patients with a normal baseline body mass index (BMI) and at higher doses. African-American patients also showed significant weight gain, independent of other factors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity
03:37

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic but is associated with significant weight gain.
  • Identifying predictors of clozapine-induced weight gain is crucial for patient management.
  • Previous studies suggest various factors influence this side effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between baseline body mass index (BMI), clozapine dosage, and demographic factors with weight gain.
  • To explore the role of plasma clozapine and norclozapine concentrations in clozapine-induced weight gain.
  • To analyze weight changes in treatment-refractory schizophrenia patients during clozapine therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A 16-week double-blind, randomized study involving 50 schizophrenia patients.
  • Patients received clozapine at 100-, 300-, or 600-mg/d doses, with dose adjustments for non-responders.
  • Weekly weight measurements and plasma norclozapine concentration analysis were conducted.

Main Results:

  • Weight gain was significantly associated with baseline BMI categories (normal-weight: 4.1 kg, overweight: 2.6 kg) and higher clozapine doses (600 mg/d: 4.4 kg).
  • African-American race showed a strong significant effect on weight gain.
  • Plasma norclozapine concentration was not significantly correlated with weight gain in the total sample but showed a correlation in nonsmokers.

Conclusions:

  • Baseline BMI and clozapine dosage are major determinants of weight gain.
  • African-American race may also be a significant factor influencing clozapine-induced weight gain.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of plasma concentrations and other demographic factors.