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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation

Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...
Evolutionary Psychology01:20

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the human psyche...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster
07:19

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 30, 2015

The evolution of aggressive losers.

Winfried Just1, Molly R Morris, Xiaolu Sun

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States. just@math.ohiou.edu

Behavioural Processes
|January 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

In contests, evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) often predict that likely losers initiate aggression more than likely winners. This counterintuitive finding is robust across many strategies and parameters, suggesting it

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Game theory
  • Behavioral ecology

Background:

  • Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) model animal contests.
  • Previous models suggested likely losers might initiate aggression more often than likely winners.
  • The robustness of these findings needed further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine conditions under which aggressive behavior by likely losers is an ESS.
  • To test the robustness of previous findings with a broader range of strategies and parameters.
  • To verify analytical predictions using evolutionary simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Modified an existing game theory model of animal contests.
  • Included a large number (n=81) of potential strategies.

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Related Experiment Videos

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  • Analyzed a wide range of parameter settings and used simulations of evolution in finite populations.

    • Main Results:

    • Restricting strategy sets can alter outcomes.
    • For 85% of parameter settings, an ESS favors escalation initiated by the likely loser.
    • An ESS favoring escalation by likely winners was found in only 3% of settings.
    • Simulations confirmed the evolution of predicted ESSs.

    Conclusions:

    • ESSs where likely losers initiate escalation are common and generic.
    • ESSs favoring escalation by likely winners require specific biological context.
    • Future models should incorporate species-specific traits to explain winner-initiated escalation.