Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 17, 2026
07:09
A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
Published on: February 18, 2022
[Congestive heart failure--etiology and diagnostic procedures]
Marit Aarønaes1, Dan Atar, Vernon Bonarjee
1Hjertemedisinsk avdeling, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo. marit.aarones@rikshospitalet.no
Summary
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a growing concern, especially in the elderly. This article proposes diagnostic guidelines for CHF, emphasizing history, risk factors, and key tests like B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Context:
- Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a significant and increasing health issue globally, particularly affecting the elderly population.
- The prevalence of CHF presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for healthcare providers.
Purpose:
- To outline proposed guidelines for the etiology and diagnosis of congestive heart failure.
- To provide a framework for primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare providers in Norway.
Summary:
- Hypertension and coronary artery disease are the primary causes of CHF, accounting for 75-80% of cases.
- Diagnostic evaluation includes thorough patient history, risk factor assessment, laboratory tests (including B-type natriuretic peptide - BNP), electrocardiograms, and chest X-rays.
- Echocardiography is recommended for suspected impaired left ventricular ejection fraction; invasive and advanced non-invasive imaging are reserved for select patients.
Impact:
- Aims to standardize CHF diagnosis and management across different healthcare levels.
- Facilitates early and accurate identification of CHF, potentially improving patient outcomes.
- Provides evidence-based recommendations for healthcare professionals dealing with increasing CHF prevalence.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
01:30Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
01:29Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
01:27Heart Failure I: Introduction
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
01:30Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
01:22Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...