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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions
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Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2013

Nanoparticle formation by monomer-starved semibatch emulsion polymerization.

Shahriar Sajjadi1

  • 1Division of Engineering, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|January 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method for creating nanolatexes using monomer-starved nucleation in emulsion polymerization. This technique efficiently produces small, high-solids content nanolatexes without requiring cosurfactants.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microemulsion polymerization is the standard method for producing very small particle size latexes.
  • Microemulsion polymerization requires high concentrations of surfactants and cosurfactants.
  • This method is limited to low monomer holdup.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel method for nanolatex preparation.
  • To achieve nanolatexes with small particle sizes (as small as 25 nm) and high solids content.
  • To avoid the need for cosurfactants and reduce surfactant concentration.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing monomer-starved nucleation in conventional semibatch emulsion polymerization.
  • Employing a low surfactant/monomer ratio.
  • Investigating the effect of monomer addition rate and monomer water solubility on particle characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced high solids content nanolatexes with particle diameters as small as 25 nm.
  • Demonstrated that decreasing the monomer addition rate leads to smaller particle sizes.
  • Observed that monomer water solubility influences particle number due to chain transfer and radical exit, with water-soluble monomers producing more particles.
  • Found that lower monomer addition rates improve particle monodispersity.

Conclusions:

  • Monomer-starved nucleation in semibatch emulsion polymerization is a viable and advantageous alternative to microemulsion polymerization for nanolatex production.
  • This technique offers better control over particle size and monodispersity while reducing surfactant requirements.
  • The method is adaptable to various monomers, with performance influenced by monomer water solubility.