Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical Burden of Symptomatic HEV-3 Infection in Southern Spain.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2026
Same author

Adherence to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Guidelines Among People with HIV and Chronic HBV Infection.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026
Same author

Safety and tolerability of switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide versus continuing dolutegravir/lamivudine in people living with HIV with neuropsychiatric comorbidities: Week 24 and 48 results from the Management of INSTI-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (MIND) clinical trial.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026
Same author

Circulating miRNA Signatures Associated with Atherosclerosis and Cardiometabolic Comorbidities in People with HIV.

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Intensification with a CCR5 inhibitor at antiretroviral therapy initiation modulates interleukin-18 and inflammation-driven immune pathways in people with HIV.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2025
Same author

Trends in Age-Related Health Outcomes in People with HIV in Spain, 2006-2023.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Liver toxicity induced by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Antonio Rivero1, José A Mira, Juan A Pineda

  • 1Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Cordoba, Spain. ariveror@saludalia.com

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|January 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Efavirenz is a safer non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for the liver than nevirapine, with lower rates of severe liver enzyme elevation and acute hepatitis. Both drugs rarely require suspension due to liver toxicity.

More Related Videos

Drug-Induced Senescence in Liver Cells Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization: Implications for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Associated Hepatotoxicity
09:32

Drug-Induced Senescence in Liver Cells Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization: Implications for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Associated Hepatotoxicity

Published on: October 17, 2025

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Drug-Induced Senescence in Liver Cells Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization: Implications for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Associated Hepatotoxicity
09:32

Drug-Induced Senescence in Liver Cells Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization: Implications for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Associated Hepatotoxicity

Published on: October 17, 2025

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Liver toxicity is a significant adverse effect of antiretroviral therapy.
  • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are commonly used in HIV treatment.
  • Comparing the hepatotoxicity profiles of different NNRTIs is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the liver safety profiles of efavirenz and nevirapine, two widely used NNRTIs.
  • To quantify the incidence of severe liver enzyme elevations and acute hepatitis associated with each drug.
  • To assess the frequency of symptomatic liver events and drug suspension due to hepatotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patient data on antiretroviral therapy.
  • Comparison of reported frequencies of severe liver enzyme elevations (1-8% for efavirenz vs. 4-18% for nevirapine).
  • Evaluation of the incidence of nevirapine-associated hypersensitivity-induced acute hepatitis versus efavirenz.

Main Results:

  • Efavirenz is associated with a lower frequency of severe liver enzyme elevations compared to nevirapine.
  • Nevirapine shows a higher incidence of early acute hepatitis, often linked to hypersensitivity.
  • Symptomatic liver events are more common with nevirapine than efavirenz.

Conclusions:

  • Efavirenz demonstrates a more favorable liver safety profile than nevirapine.
  • Nevirapine's hepatotoxicity is more frequently associated with hypersensitivity reactions.
  • While NNRTI-induced liver toxicity can occur, drug suspension is uncommon for both efavirenz and nevirapine.