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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Formation of Concentrated Urine

Formation of Concentrated Urine

There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...

Formation of Dilute Urine

Formation of Dilute Urine

The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for ²³⁰Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Published on: May 20, 2019

Struvite precipitation thermodynamics in source-separated urine.

Mariska Ronteltap¹, Max Maurer, Willi Gujer

¹Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.

|January 30, 2007

Summary

Struvite precipitation effectively removes phosphate from urine. Researchers determined the standard and conditional solubility products of struvite in hydrolyzed urine, crucial for wastewater treatment applications.

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A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

Published on: January 16, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for ²³⁰Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Published on: May 20, 2019

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

Published on: January 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Water Treatment Technologies
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Urine is a concentrated source of phosphate in domestic wastewater.
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) precipitation is an efficient method for phosphate removal.
Understanding struvite solubility in urine is key for optimizing this process.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the solubility product of struvite in hydrolyzed urine.
To estimate activity coefficients using the Davies approximation.
To derive a conditional solubility product for practical application in wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

Precipitation experiments were conducted using hydrolyzed urine.
Ionic strength and activity coefficients were estimated.
The Davies approximation was used to model ion behavior.
Standard and conditional solubility products were calculated at 25°C.

Main Results:

The standard solubility product (K(s)(0)) of struvite in urine was determined to be 10(-13.26 ± 0.057) at 25°C.
The enthalpy of struvite formation (ΔH) was found to be 22.6 ± 1.1 kJmol⁻¹.
A conditional solubility product (K(s)(cond)) of 10(-7.57) M³ was derived for practical calculations.

Conclusions:

Struvite precipitation is a viable method for phosphate removal from urine.
Accurate solubility products are essential for process design and optimization.
The derived conditional solubility product facilitates direct calculation of struvite solubility in urine under specific conditions.