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Related Concept Videos

Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving

Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
10:09

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Published on: March 5, 2014

Clustering instability in a freely falling granular jet.

Matthias E Möbius1

  • 1The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|February 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A freely falling granular jet breaks into clusters due to instability. Air presence affects cluster size but doesn't initiate clustering, which is governed by particle-scale fluctuations.

Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Granular Physics
  • Particle Science

Background:

  • Granular jets exhibit complex flow behaviors, including instabilities.
  • Understanding granular flow is crucial for industrial and geophysical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clustering instability in a freely falling granular jet.
  • To quantify the growth of clusters and the role of ambient air pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an optical method to measure flow inhomogeneities and quantify cluster growth.
  • Systematically varied ambient air pressure from atmospheric down to 1/5000th atm.

Main Results:

  • Observed clustering instability in granular jets of 100 micrometer glass spheres.

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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

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  • Clustering persisted down to the lowest tested air pressures.
  • Increased air pressure resulted in larger clusters but did not initiate clustering.

    • Conclusions:

    • Ambient air influences cluster size but is not the primary driver of cluster formation.
    • Cluster size is determined by fluctuations at the scale of individual particles at the nozzle.