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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Epithelial Tissues and Their Functions01:23

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Epithelial tissues are large sheets of cells covering all of the surfaces of the body. These surfaces can be internal or external, for example, skin, airways, the digestive tract, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. Hollow organs and body cavities that do not connect to the body's exterior, including blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by epithelial tissue known as the endothelium.
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Functions of Connective Tissues01:17

Functions of Connective Tissues

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Connective tissues perform a broad range of functions in the body. Their primary function is to connect and link different tissues in the body and act as packaging material between tissues. The areolar tissue, a connective tissue prototype, commonly cements various tissue types in diverse body organs. In contrast, adipose tissue cushions internal organs while insulating the body from heat loss.
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization
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Fiber Reinforced Cartilage ECM Functionalized Bioinks for Functional Cartilage Tissue Engineering.

Swetha Rathan1,2, Léa Dejob1,3, Rossana Schipani1,2

  • 1Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM)-functionalized alginate bioinks enable 3D bioprinting of functional cartilaginous tissues. These advanced bioinks promote mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis and offer potential for direct cartilage repair strategies.

Keywords:
3D-bioprintingarticular cartilage tissue engineeringextracellular matrix bioinksgrowth factorpolycaprolactone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Focal articular cartilage (AC) defects can progress to osteoarthritis, necessitating effective tissue engineering solutions.
  • Current strategies struggle to produce functional AC capable of withstanding high loads.
  • Developing biomimetic materials is crucial for successful cartilage regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM)-functionalized alginate bioinks for 3D bioprinting of cartilaginous tissues.
  • To evaluate the bioinks' potential for supporting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) viability and chondrogenesis.
  • To explore mechanical reinforcement strategies for enhanced implant functionality.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of cECM-functionalized alginate bioinks.
  • Assessment of bioink printability and MSC viability postprinting.
  • In vitro evaluation of chondrogenesis markers (COLLII, ACAN, RUNX2) and calcium deposition.
  • Mechanical testing of reinforced bioink constructs.
  • Incorporation of TGF-β3 for enhanced chondrogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Bioinks demonstrated 3D printability and supported MSC viability.
  • Increased cECM concentration correlated with enhanced chondrogenesis and expression of COLLII and ACAN.
  • Evidence of endochondral-like pathway progression (RUNX2, calcium deposition) was observed.
  • Bioinks with MSCs and TGF-β3 supported robust chondrogenesis.
  • 3D-printed polycaprolactone fiber networks mechanically reinforced bioinks without compromising cell viability.

Conclusions:

  • cECM-functionalized alginate bioinks are promising for bioprinting functional cartilaginous tissues.
  • These bioinks support MSC chondrogenesis and may enable direct "print-and-implant" cartilage repair.
  • Mechanical reinforcement strategies can enhance the functional properties of bioprinted constructs.
  • Combinatorial approaches in biofabrication hold potential for creating biomimetic cartilaginous implants.