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Related Concept Videos

Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem01:26

Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem

The study of fluid motion often involves understanding how local rotational behavior relates to global circulation. In the context of a pond with pollutants, direct measurement of water movement along an irregular shoreline can be impractical. Green’s Theorem in vector form provides an alternative by relating the circulation around a closed boundary to properties of the flow within the enclosed region.Measurements of water velocity at different points define a continuous vector field that...
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
The pressure difference depends on the fluid's velocity and radius of curvature. The pressure variation is minimal in flows with nearly straight streamlines. However, the...
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
13:02

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

Published on: February 27, 2016

Small-scale turbulence in a closed-field-line geometry.

Paolo Ricci1, B N Rogers, W Dorland

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. paolo.ricci@dartmouth.edu

Physical Review Letters
|February 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Plasma turbulence varies significantly with density and collisionality. Zonal flows suppress transport below a critical gradient, similar to toroidal systems.

Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fusion energy research
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • Small-scale entropy modes drive plasma turbulence.
  • Z-pinch geometry offers a simplified model for studying plasma behavior.
  • Low-beta regimes are relevant for certain fusion concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate plasma turbulence driven by small-scale entropy modes.
  • Analyze nonlinear dynamics and particle transport in a Z-pinch.
  • Understand the role of zonal flows in transport suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Gyrokinetic simulations were employed.
  • A simple closed-field-line geometry (Z pinch) was used.
  • Low-beta plasma regimes were simulated.

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Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

Published on: August 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
13:02

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

Published on: February 27, 2016

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

Published on: August 26, 2019

Main Results:

  • Observed significant variation in nonlinear dynamics and particle transport.
  • Transport behavior depended strongly on density gradient and plasma collisionality.
  • Spontaneously formed zonal flows influenced transport suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Zonal flows play a crucial role in suppressing plasma transport.
  • Transport suppression is nonlinear and occurs below a critical gradient.
  • Findings are analogous to those in toroidal plasma systems.