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Energy dependence on fractional charge for strongly interacting subsystems
Steven M Valone1, Susan R Atlas
1Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
Abstract:
The energies of a pair of strongly interacting subsystems with arbitrary noninteger charges are examined from closed- and open-system perspectives. An ensemble representation of the charge dependence is derived, valid at all interaction strengths. Transforming from resonance-state ionicity to ensemble charge dependence imposes physical constraints on the occupation numbers in the strong-interaction limit. For open systems, the chemical potential is evaluated using microscopic and thermodynamic models, leading to a novel correlation between ground-state charge and an electronic temperature.
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