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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

Published on: March 1, 2018

Relation between bone mass and catecholamines in the general population.

Juan Carlos Martín-Escudero¹, José Luis Pérez-Castrillón, Fernando Simal Blanco

¹Internal Medicine Service, Río Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain.

Hormone Research

|February 13, 2007

Summary

Dopamine, a marker of sympathetic activity, positively influences bone mass in both men and women. This finding highlights dopamine

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Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

Published on: March 1, 2018

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts

Published on: April 13, 2022

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Bone Metabolism
Neuroendocrinology

Background:

The sympathetic nervous system's influence on bone metabolism is complex and debated.
Previous studies show inconsistent results regarding the relationship between sympathetic activity and bone health.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between urinary catecholamines, reflecting sympathetic activity, and bone mass in the general population.
To clarify the role of specific catecholamines in modulating bone density.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 274 individuals (124 males, 150 females) was studied.
Fractionated catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline) were measured in urine.
Calcaneal bone density was assessed using a Pixi-Lunar densitometer.

Main Results:

Dopamine showed a statistically significant positive correlation with bone mass (r = 0.229, p = 0.0001).
This association was consistent in both men (r = 0.184, p = 0.04) and women (r = 0.251, p = 0.002).
Multiple correlation analysis confirmed dopamine as a significant predictor of bone mass (p = 0.038).

Conclusions:

Dopamine is an independent, positive determinant of bone mass in both sexes within the general population.
In women, this relationship is independent of their hormonal status.
These findings suggest a direct role for dopamine in maintaining bone health.