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Drying Shrinkage

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Polymerization produces macromolecules with a range of chain lengths due to the random nature of molecular growth processes. As chains form and terminate at different stages, a single polymer sample contains molecules of varying sizes rather than a uniform structure. This variability is described using average molar masses and distribution-related parameters, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer characteristics.The distribution of molar masses plays a critical role in...

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

Polymerization shrinkage influences microtensile bond strength.

E Cabrera¹, J C de la Macorra

¹Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Dental Research

|February 23, 2007

Summary

Dental resin composite bond strength to enamel decreases with distance from the light curing center. This study found microtensile bond strength (microTBS) is weakest at the restoration edges, impacting clinical longevity.

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Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Published on: July 21, 2014

Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Polymerization shrinkage in resin composites creates internal strains.
These strains can lead to material movement and affect bond integrity.
Understanding factors influencing bond strength is crucial for material longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between distance from the light curing center and the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of resin composite to enamel.
To determine if the spatial distribution of polymerization shrinkage affects bond durability.

Main Methods:

Bovine incisor enamel was prepared and treated with an unfilled resin bond.
Resin composite was applied either in a single increment (Group A) or in separate sites (Group B).
Specimens were sectioned, and microtensile bond strength (microTBS) was measured at varying distances from the restoration's center.

Main Results:

Microtensile bond strength (microTBS) decreased significantly with increasing distance from the center of the light-cured composite mass.
In single-increment applications (Group A), bond strength was lower at gingival and incisal sites compared to the center.
Separate site application (Group B) showed improved bond strength at marginal areas compared to single increment application.

Conclusions:

The distance from the center of the light curing mass is a critical factor influencing resin composite bond strength to enamel.
Polymerization shrinkage strains are not uniformly distributed, leading to weaker bonds at greater distances from the curing center.
Optimizing light curing protocols and composite placement strategies may improve clinical outcomes and reduce adhesive failures.