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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
15:16

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

Published on: July 22, 2012

Norovirus gastroenteritis.

Richard Goodgame1

  • 1Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Room 525-D, Houston, TX 77030, USA. goodgame@bcm.tmc.edu

Current Infectious Disease Reports
|February 28, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Norovirus causes frequent acute gastroenteritis. Molecular techniques and epidemiology help identify, track, and control norovirus outbreaks in various settings, preventing further spread.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Norovirus is a leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis.
  • Hundreds of norovirus strains have been identified and classified using molecular techniques.
  • Outbreaks spread easily through various transmission routes, including food, water, and person-to-person contact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the identification, classification, and tracing of norovirus strains.
  • To discuss the investigation of norovirus outbreaks using molecular and epidemiologic methods.
  • To highlight control strategies for norovirus outbreaks in diverse settings.

Main Methods:

  • Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for norovirus detection and characterization.

More Related Videos

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
10:03

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
15:16

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

Published on: July 22, 2012

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
10:03

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

  • Nucleotide sequencing for strain identification, classification, and tracing.
  • Combination of molecular techniques with classic epidemiology for outbreak investigation.

    • Main Results:

    • Molecular methods enable detailed strain identification, classification into genogroups and genetic clusters, and outbreak source tracing.
    • Norovirus outbreaks have been investigated in numerous settings like hospitals, schools, and public venues.
    • Despite generally mild illness, outbreaks in healthcare settings can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical and epidemiologic findings are crucial for diagnosing norovirus gastroenteritis and ruling out other causes.
    • Prompt implementation of cleaning, disinfection, and work release policies is essential for controlling outbreak spread.
    • Effective management of norovirus outbreaks requires a combination of molecular diagnostics and public health interventions.