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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Atherosclerosis and risk for dementia.

Marieke van Oijen¹, Frank Jan de Jong, Jacqueline C M Witteman

¹Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Annals of Neurology

|March 1, 2007

Summary

Atherosclerosis, particularly carotid atherosclerosis, is linked to dementia risk. However, this association weakens over time due to its strong link with mortality in long-term studies.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiovascular Science
Epidemiology

Background:

Atherosclerosis is a suspected contributor to dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
Existing evidence primarily stems from cross-sectional studies, limiting causal inference.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prospective association between atherosclerosis and dementia risk using various noninvasive measures.
To examine dementia subtypes and the influence of follow-up duration on the atherosclerosis-dementia link.

Main Methods:

Prospective cohort study of 6,647 participants from the Rotterdam Study.
Assessed carotid intima-media thickness, carotid plaques, and peripheral arterial disease (ankle-brachial index) at baseline and follow-up.
Used Cox proportional hazard models to analyze dementia risk over a mean follow-up of 9.0 years, considering competing risks of mortality.

Main Results:

Atherosclerosis, especially carotid atherosclerosis, showed an increased dementia risk during shorter follow-up periods.
The association attenuated with longer follow-up, primarily due to the strong link between atherosclerosis and mortality.
No differences in associations were observed across apolipoprotein E genotypes.

Conclusions:

Atherosclerosis is associated with an elevated risk of developing dementia.
The strong association between atherosclerosis and mortality may obscure or attenuate the dementia link in long-term prospective studies.