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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate oxidation, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

The ketogenic diet: one decade later.

John M Freeman1, Eric H Kossoff, Adam L Hartman

  • 1John M. Freeman Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287-7247, USA. jfreeman@jhmi.edu

Pediatrics
|March 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The ketogenic diet, a low carbohydrate eating plan, is increasingly used for managing difficult childhood seizures. This review explores its history, benefits, risks, and potential future applications beyond epilepsy.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Dietary Science
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • The ketogenic diet, characterized by high fat, adequate protein, and low carbohydrate intake, has gained significant attention.
  • Its resurgence in the past decade focuses on treating drug-resistant epilepsy in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the ketogenic diet.
  • To examine its historical context, therapeutic applications, and adverse effects.
  • To discuss potential mechanisms of action and alternative treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and current research on the ketogenic diet.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on efficacy, side effects, and mechanisms in pediatric epilepsy.
  • Exploration of emerging research for non-epileptic conditions.

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Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
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Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

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Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

Published on: November 27, 2019

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
09:10

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

Main Results:

  • The ketogenic diet is an established therapy for refractory childhood epilepsy.
  • Key side effects and metabolic alterations are documented.
  • Potential mechanisms involve altered brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission.

Conclusions:

  • The ketogenic diet remains a vital therapeutic option for difficult-to-control pediatric seizures.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate its mechanisms and explore its utility in other neurological and metabolic disorders.