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Related Concept Videos

Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Detection of DNA Double-Stranded Breaks in Mouse Oocytes
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Chromosome breakage after G2 checkpoint release.

Dorothee Deckbar1, Julie Birraux, Andrea Krempler

  • 1Fachrichtung Biophysik, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|March 14, 2007
PubMed
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DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and G2 checkpoint control are crucial for genomic stability. Artemis cells, despite proficient checkpoints, show DSB repair defects, leading to chromosome breaks upon checkpoint release.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and checkpoint control are vital mechanisms for maintaining chromosomal stability.
  • Defects in these pathways, as seen in Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) cells, are linked to genomic instability.
  • Understanding the interplay between DSB repair and checkpoint functions is crucial for comprehending cellular responses to DNA damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficiency and interplay of ATM's G2 checkpoint and DNA double-strand break repair functions.
  • To characterize the DNA repair and checkpoint response in Artemis cells, which exhibit repair defects similar to A-T cells but proficient checkpoints.

Main Methods:

  • Irradiation of cells with 1 Gy to induce DNA double-strand breaks.
  • Analysis of G2/M checkpoint arrest duration and its dependence on repair capacity.
  • Microscopic examination of chromosome aberrations and gammaH2AX foci in cells at different stages of the cell cycle and after checkpoint release.

Main Results:

  • Artemis cells display a DNA double-strand break repair defect identical and epistatic to A-T cells, yet possess proficient G2/M checkpoint responses.
  • Cells released from G2/M checkpoint arrest exhibit significant chromosome breakage, indicating premature release before complete repair.
  • Checkpoint release occurs when substantial DNA damage, evidenced by premature chromosome condensation breaks and gammaH2AX foci, remains unrepaired.

Conclusions:

  • Checkpoint proficiency does not guarantee complete DNA double-strand break repair before cell cycle progression.
  • The release from G2/M arrest in Artemis cells contributes significantly to chromosome breakage, highlighting a critical gap between checkpoint function and repair completion.
  • These findings underscore the complex coordination required between DNA repair and checkpoint pathways to prevent genomic instability.