Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 16, 2026
08:45
Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
Published on: July 21, 2014
Shrinkage in the apparent size of cylindrical objects
1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa city 920 1192, Ishikawa, Japan. staya@kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Perception
|March 16, 2007
Summary
This study reveals a novel size illusion where 3D objects appear smaller along their depth. This visual perception phenomenon suggests our brain processes object size by considering depth cues.
Area of Science:
- Visual Perception
- Computational Neuroscience
- Psychophysics
Background:
- Apparent size perception is crucial for object recognition.
- Previous research often focused on 2D cues or specific 3D cues like binocular disparity.
- The interplay between depth cues and perceived size requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate a novel illusion affecting the apparent size of 3D objects.
- To determine if pictorial depth cues or binocular disparity influence this size illusion.
- To understand the role of depth structure in visual size estimation.
Main Methods:
- Observers estimated the width and depth of elliptic cylinders using texture or luminance gradients (Experiment 1).
- Observers estimated the height of elliptic cylinders using binocular disparity (Experiment 2).
- Stimuli were designed to vary in 2D appearance, controlling for spatial frequency and brightness contrast.
Main Results:
- A systematic shrinkage in apparent width or height was observed in the direction of gradual depth change.
- The illusion persisted even when only binocular disparity specified the object's shape.
- Variations in 2D appearance did not account for the observed size distortion.
Conclusions:
- The visual system appears to incorporate depth structure when estimating the size of 3D objects.
- The illusion is not solely dependent on pictorial depth cues like size scaling.
- This finding offers new insights into the mechanisms of 3D size perception.
Related Concept Videos
01:27Shrinkage in Concrete
Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
01:21Drying Shrinkage
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
01:10Deformation in a Circular Shaft
One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
01:20Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts
When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
01:24Carbonation Shrinkage
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction facilitates the...
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction facilitates the...
01:20Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry
A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...