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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...
Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis
07:56

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis

Published on: May 5, 2023

Current update on HIV-associated vascular disease and endothelial dysfunction.

Hong Mu1, Hong Chai, Peter H Lin

  • 1Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mail stop: NAB-2010, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

World Journal of Surgery
|March 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved HIV survival but increased cardiovascular disease risk. Research explores how HIV and HAART affect vascular injury and endothelial dysfunction, crucial for understanding this complication.

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Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
05:41

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

Published on: January 29, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis
07:56

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis

Published on: May 5, 2023

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
05:41

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

Published on: January 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved survival for individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly coronary artery disease, is observed in the HIV-infected population.
  • Pathogenic mechanisms linking HIV infection to CVD remain largely unknown, despite increased prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on HIV-associated vascular disease and injury.
  • To analyze the impact of HIV, viral proteins, and HAART on endothelial injury and vascular disease.
  • To identify controversies and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and laboratory investigations.
  • Analysis of studies on HIV, viral proteins, and HAART effects on endothelial function.
  • Focus on adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1, E-selectin) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6).

Main Results:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor linking HIV infection and atherosclerosis.
  • Elevated expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines is reported in HIV-positive patients.
  • HAART's effect on endothelial function in HIV patients is also a significant area of investigation.

Conclusions:

  • HIV infection and its treatment (HAART) contribute to vascular injury and CVD.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is critical for managing CVD in HIV patients.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate these complex interactions and guide clinical practice.