The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Cell Biology
• Physiology

Background:

• The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL), a nanoscale structure lining blood vessels, has garnered significant research interest.
• Its role in vascular health and disease is increasingly recognized, necessitating a deeper understanding of its properties and functions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the mechanical and biochemical properties of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL).
• To summarize recent findings on EGL interactions with red and white blood cells.
• To explore the EGL's functions in regulating fluid exchange, mechanotransduction, and inflammatory responses.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of in vivo and in vitro studies.
• Analysis of research on EGL's physical and chemical characteristics.
• Examination of studies investigating cellular interactions and signaling pathways involving the EGL.

Main Results:

• The EGL exhibits mechanical deformation under shear stress and allows leukocyte microvilli penetration.
• It plays a crucial role in restoring vascular integrity after cell passage.
• The EGL modulates oncotic forces for water exchange and transduces shear stress to initiate intracellular signaling and inflammation.

Conclusions:

• The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) is a dynamic structure with critical roles in vascular mechanics and cell interactions.
• Understanding the EGL's functions provides insights into microvascular fluid exchange and inflammatory processes.
• Further research into the EGL is vital for developing therapeutic strategies targeting vascular diseases.