Prospective analysis of factors related to migraine attacks: the PAMINA study

Migraine is related to numerous factors such as hormones, stress or nutrition, but information about their actual importance is limited. Therefore, we analysed prospectively a wide spectrum of factors related to headache in migraineurs. We examined 327 migraineurs recruited via newspapers who kept a comprehensive diary for 3 months. Statistical analysis comprising 28 325 patient days and 116 dichotomous variables was based on the interval between two successive headache attacks. We calculated univariate Cox regression analyses and included covariables with a P-value of <0.05 in two stepwise multivariate Cox regression analyses, the first accounting for a correlation of the event times within a subject, the second stratified by the number of headache-free intervals. We performed similar analyses for the occurrence of migraine attacks and for the persistence of headache and migraine. Menstruation had the most prominent effect, increasing the hazard of occurrence or persistence of headache and migraine by up to 96%. All other factors changed the hazard by <35%. The two days before menstruation and muscle tension in the neck, psychic tension, tiredness, noise and odours on days before headache onset increased the hazard of headache or migraine, whereas days off, a divorced marriage, relaxation after stress, and consumption of beer decreased the hazard. In addition, three meteorological factors increased and two others decreased the hazard. In conclusion, menstruation is most important in increasing the risk of occurrence and persistence of headache and migraine. Other factors increase the risk less markedly or decrease the risk.