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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Postmenopausal hormone therapy: the way ahead.

Amos Pines1

  • 1Department of Medicine T, Ichilov Hospital, 6 Weizman Street, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel. apines@netvision.net.il

Maturitas
|March 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) evolved from an anti-aging cure to a risk-benefit evaluated medication. Future HRT aims for personalized treatments based on genetics to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Historically, postmenopausal hormone therapy was viewed as an anti-aging solution for all women.
  • Evolving understanding recognized hormones as medications requiring evidence-based indications.
  • Concerns over adverse effects shifted the paradigm to individualized risk-benefit assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To trace the historical evolution of postmenopausal hormone treatment.
  • To outline the changing therapeutic strategies and indications for hormone therapy.
  • To explore future directions in hormone therapy, emphasizing personalization and risk mitigation.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of scientific literature and clinical practice guidelines.
  • Analysis of shifting paradigms in hormone therapy recommendations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

  • Prospective outlook on emerging trends and future research in the field.

    • Main Results:

    • The first era promoted hormone replacement therapy (HRT) universally as an anti-aging remedy.
    • Subsequent eras emphasized HRT as a medication with specific indications and individualized risk-benefit analysis.
    • Current approaches consider patient-specific factors like age, duration, and type of hormones used.

    Conclusions:

    • Postmenopausal hormone therapy has transitioned through distinct historical eras, reflecting evolving scientific understanding and clinical practice.
    • Future hormone therapy will likely involve novel molecules and personalized approaches, potentially including gene mapping, to optimize efficacy and safety.
    • The ongoing quest is for treatments that maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing or eliminating adverse events.