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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Neutrophil Lifespan Extension with CLON-G and an In Vitro Spontaneous Death Assay
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Published on: May 12, 2023

Neutropenia: etiology and pathogenesis.

Lee S Schwartzberg1

  • 1The West Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee 38120, USA. lschwartzberg@westclinic.com

Clinical Cornerstone
|March 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Neutropenia, a low neutrophil count, increases infection risk, especially when severe or prolonged. Understanding its causes and classifications is crucial for managing this condition and preventing serious complications like febrile neutropenia.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count below 1500 cells/mm³.
  • It is graded as mild (1000-1500), moderate (500-1000), or severe (<500).
  • Neutropenia results from decreased bone marrow production, neutrophil sequestration, or increased peripheral destruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define neutropenia and its grading.
  • To outline the underlying pathologic mechanisms.
  • To highlight the clinical implications, including infection risk and classification.

Main Methods:

  • Definition and grading of neutropenia based on absolute neutrophil count.
  • Categorization of neutropenia based on etiology (congenital vs. acquired).

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  • Identification of key pathophysiologic mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Neutropenia significantly elevates the risk of infection.
    • Infection risk is directly proportional to neutropenia severity and duration.
    • Febrile neutropenia is linked to considerable morbidity and mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • Neutropenia necessitates careful monitoring due to increased infection susceptibility.
    • Understanding the etiology and severity aids in risk assessment and management.
    • Prompt recognition and management are vital to mitigate complications of neutropenia.