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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Structural aging: the facial recurve concept.

Claude Le Louarn1, Didier Buthiau, Jacques Buis

  • 1Clinique Spontini, 68 bis rue Spontini, 75116 Paris, France. claudelelouarn@wanadoo.fr

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|March 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Facial aging is primarily caused by repeated muscle contractions, not gravity. These contractions alter muscle shape and fat pads, leading to structural changes and a more rigid appearance over time.

Area of Science:

  • Aesthetic medicine
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Facial aging is characterized by skin changes and structural alterations.
  • Gravity has been traditionally considered a primary factor in structural facial aging.
  • The role of facial mimetic muscles in structural aging requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new theory on the etiology of structural facial aging.
  • To investigate the role of facial mimetic muscles in the aging process.
  • To differentiate the primary drivers of structural facial aging from secondary contributors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyze facial mimetic muscles and fat pads.
  • Compared muscle and fat pad morphology in individuals of different ages.

More Related Videos

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

  • Developed an MRI-based model to study age-related changes in facial structures.

    • Main Results:

    • Youthful facial mimetic muscles exhibit a curvilinear contour with anterior surface convexity.
    • This youthful convexity is associated with deep fat pads acting as a sliding plane.
    • With age, muscles straighten and shorten, expelling deep fat and increasing resting tone, as observed via MRI.

    Conclusions:

    • Repeated facial muscle contractions are the primary cause of structural facial aging.
    • Gravity plays a secondary role in accentuating age-related changes initiated by muscle activity.
    • The observed MRI changes in muscle morphology support a new paradigm for understanding facial aging.