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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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Reprogramming metastatic tumour cells with embryonic microenvironments.

Mary J C Hendrix1, Elisabeth A Seftor, Richard E B Seftor

  • 1Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children's Memorial Research Centre, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA. mjchendrix@childrensmemorial.org

Nature Reviews. Cancer
|March 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic models reveal that aggressive melanoma cells can revert their metastatic phenotype. Studying embryonic and tumorigenic pathways offers new therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Regulation of Hormone Secretion
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cancer research
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Tumorigenic and embryonic cells share plasticity characteristics.
  • Metastatic melanoma reversion observed in embryonic models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Summarize embryonic models for reversing melanoma metastasis.
  • Highlight key signaling pathways for therapeutic targeting.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies using embryonic stem cell models.
  • Analysis of zebrafish and chick embryonic models.
  • Investigation of convergent embryonic and tumorigenic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Embryonic models demonstrate melanoma cell phenotype reversion.
  • Convergence of embryonic and cancer signaling pathways identified.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic models provide insights into melanoma plasticity.
  • Targeting identified signaling pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies.