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Optimizing Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery: A Fully 3D CT O-Arm Navigated Workflow in MIS TLIF
Published on: October 17, 2025
A 100-year journey from GV Black to minimal surgical intervention
Mark S Wolff1, Kenneth Allen, James Kaim
1Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA.
Abstract:
Over the past 140 years, dentistry has matured from the original tenets of GV Black by moving from "extension for prevention" to a minimal intervention approach. This is part of an evolution that stresses a medical, rather than a surgical model for caries management. This transition has been facilitated by the introduction and advancement of adhesive dentistry, which encourages preservation of tooth structure. Even with these changes, some of the original writings of Black are still relevant today: "The day is surely coming...when we will be engaged in practicing preventive, rather than reparative, dentistry."
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