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Related Concept Videos

The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
13:35

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

The tuberous breast revisited.

Marc D Pacifico1, Norbert V Kang

  • 1Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK. marcpacifico@dial.pipex.com

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|April 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study redefines tuberous breast deformity as solely nipple-areola complex herniation, not skin shortage. A refined one-stage surgery effectively corrects all tuberous breast types with high patient satisfaction.

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Breast Reconstruction
  • Aesthetic Surgery

Background:

  • Tuberous breast deformity has historically been attributed to skin shortage and herniation.
  • This study challenges conventional understanding, proposing herniation of breast tissue through the nipple-areola complex as the sole abnormality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a refined one-stage surgical procedure for correcting all types of tuberous breast deformities.
  • To introduce an objective method for defining tuberous breasts based on areola herniation.

Main Methods:

  • A series of 13 tuberous breasts in eight patients (ages 17-24) were treated with a refined one-stage surgical technique.
  • Follow-up ranged from 3 to 56 months.
  • A reproducible method for defining tuberous breasts by measuring areola herniation was developed.

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Main Results:

  • All patients reported high satisfaction with the surgical outcomes.
  • An independent surgeon panel assessed all results as good to excellent.
  • The developed classification method allowed objective identification of tuberous breasts and prediction of necessary areola reduction to prevent deformities.

Conclusions:

  • A single-stage surgical procedure effectively corrects all degrees of tuberous breast deformity.
  • The findings support the theory that herniation through the nipple-areola complex is the primary abnormality.
  • The procedure can convert tuberous breasts into hypoplastic breasts, addressable with augmentation if needed, or correct the deformity alone in cases with sufficient volume.