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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
07:08

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Published on: June 12, 2019

Highly efficient supramolecular photocatalysts for CO2 reduction using visible light.

Shunsuke Sato1, Kazuhide Koike, Haruo Inoue

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, E1-9, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology
|April 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

We developed a highly efficient homogeneous photocatalyst for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction using visible light. The new ruthenium-rhenium (Ru-Re) complex, [Ru-ReP(OEt)3]3+, demonstrates superior performance compared to previous systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Photocatalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Efficient homogeneous photocatalysts are crucial for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction.
  • Ruthenium (Ru) and Rhenium (Re) based supramolecular complexes show promise for photocatalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate new Ru(II)-Re(I) binuclear complexes as homogeneous photocatalysts for CO2 reduction.
  • To compare the photocatalytic efficiency of different ligands coordinated to the Re site.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ru(II)-Re(I) binuclear complexes with a bpyC3bpy bridge ligand.
  • Photocatalytic activity assessment under visible light irradiation.
  • Mechanistic studies to identify the active photocatalytic species.

Main Results:

  • The complex [Ru-ReP(OEt)3]3+ exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency (Phi = 0.21, TN(CO) = 232).
  • The active photocatalyst was identified as the solvento complex [Ru-ReSol]3+.
  • Pyridine and chloride ligands accelerated the decomposition of the photocatalyst.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Ru-Re binuclear complex represents the most efficient homogeneous photocatalyst for CO2 reduction reported to date.
  • Understanding the active species and decomposition pathways is key to designing more stable and efficient photocatalysts.