Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection is an important health problem worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly population. Antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum, often trigger the infection; hence the use of unnecessary antibiotics should be avoided. Mild to moderate cases respond to metronidazole or vancomycin. Severe cases may require bowel resection. Chronic relapsing cases require a prolonged course of antibiotics, immunoglobulin, probiotics, and, occasionally, feces enema. This review provides a comprehensive update on pathogenesis and management of Clostridium difficile infection for health professionals all over the world.