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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein
21:08

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein

Published on: December 28, 2009

[Protein transduction, from technology to physiology].

Alain Prochiantz1

  • 1CNRS UMR 8542, Ecole normale supérieure, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. Alain.Prochiantz@ens.fr

Journal De La Societe De Biologie
|April 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Homeoproteins can enter cells and move between them, influencing gene activity. This discovery of cell-to-cell protein transfer reveals a new signaling pathway with broad biological implications.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The DNA-binding domain (homeodomain) of the Antennapedia homeoprotein transcription factor can be internalized by live cells.
  • This internalization was found to be mediated by the third helix of the homeodomain, a 16-amino acid peptide named Penetratin.
  • Penetratin is the first identified cell-penetrating peptide, leading to a class of peptides used for cargo delivery in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the intriguing outcome of full-length homeoprotein transfer between cells.
  • To explore the non-cell autonomous transcriptional and translational activities of transferred homeoproteins.
  • To elucidate the novel signaling mechanism involving homeoprotein internalization and secretion.

Main Methods:

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  • Initial observations of homeodomain internalization by live cells.
  • Identification of the Penetratin peptide responsible for internalization.
  • Investigation into the mechanism of full-length homeoprotein secretion and intercellular transfer.

    • Main Results:

    • Full-length homeoproteins are transferred between cells, exhibiting non-cell autonomous transcriptional and translational activities.
    • This intercellular homeoprotein transfer requires both internalization and secretion.
    • Secretion is independent of the Golgi apparatus and involves a distinct sequence within the homeodomain, separate from Penetratin.

    Conclusions:

    • Homeoproteins can act as signaling molecules through intercellular transfer, impacting gene expression in recipient cells.
    • A novel, Golgi-independent secretion mechanism facilitates this cell-to-cell communication.
    • This discovery opens new avenues for understanding biological signaling and therapeutic applications.