Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

8.6K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
8.6K
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

3.9K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
3.9K
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

67.1K
Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
67.1K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

5.4K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
5.4K
Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion

4.5K
Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
Merocrine secretion is the most common type of exocrine secretion. The secretions are enclosed in vesicles and moved to the cell's apical surface, where the contents are released by exocytosis. For example, mucous, a watery secretion rich in the glycoprotein mucin, is a merocrine secretion. The eccrine...
4.5K
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

48.5K
Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
48.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CD133 Shapes Extracellular Vesicle Cargo and Angiogenic Function in Basal-Like Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Journal of extracellular vesicles·2026
Same author

Pml loss worsens NEK1-linked ALS and Pml induction drives NEK1 degradation, precluding disease onset.

The FEBS journal·2026
Same author

Extracellular vesicles: A complex array of particles involved in cell-to-cell communication for tissue homeostasis.

Cells & development·2025
Same author

Motor recovery through perineuronal net modulation in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Therapeutic value of homeoprotein signaling pathways.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2024
Same author

Extracellular vesicles and co-isolated endogenous retroviruses from murine cancer cells differentially affect dendritic cells.

The EMBO journal·2023
Same journal

Epithelial and microenvironmental mosaicism under stress: a two-compartment model for lung cancer development in never-smokers.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Sesamin attenuates atherosclerosis by alleviating vascular endothelial ferroptosis-related injury <i>via</i> m<sup>6</sup>A-dependent regulation of SREBF1 expression.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Retraction: MCM5 aggravates the HDAC1-mediated malignant progression of lung cancer.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
Same journal

An exploratory analysis of disulfidptosis-related gene signatures in minimal change disease identifies metabolic and immune associations.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Longitudinal changes in the phenotypic profile of circulating extracellular vesicles in healthy individuals.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Mesenchymal stem cells in intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic applications.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells
05:51

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

13.0K

Unconventional Secretion, Gate to Homeoprotein Intercellular Transfer.

Alain Joliot1, Alain Prochiantz2

  • 1INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|July 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Homeoproteins, a class of transcription factors, utilize unconventional secretion to move between cells. Their DNA-binding homeodomain is key for this membrane translocation and paracrine signaling.

Keywords:
PIP 2homeoproteinintercelluar communicationinternalizationparacrine actionunconventional secretion

More Related Videos

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG hOMING
07:36

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG hOMING

Published on: March 14, 2019

7.1K
Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes
09:59

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Published on: June 3, 2017

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells
05:51

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

13.0K
Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG hOMING
07:36

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG hOMING

Published on: March 14, 2019

7.1K
Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes
09:59

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Published on: June 3, 2017

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Unconventional protein secretion bypasses traditional vesicle-based pathways.
  • Non-vesicular secretion involves direct translocation across the plasma membrane.
  • Homeoproteins are transcription factors with a conserved DNA-binding homeodomain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of unconventional secretion in homeoproteins.
  • To identify the structural and molecular requirements for homeoprotein secretion.
  • To understand the role of homeoprotein secretion in intercellular communication.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of homeoprotein structure and function.
  • Investigating protein-lipid interactions, specifically PI(4,5)P2 binding.
  • Studying membrane translocation of homeoproteins.
  • Assessing intercellular transfer and paracrine activity.

Main Results:

  • Homeoproteins are secreted via non-vesicular, unconventional pathways.
  • The homeodomain is necessary and sufficient for homeoprotein secretion.
  • Secretion requires binding to PI(4,5)P2, similar to FGF2 and HIV Tat.
  • Homeoproteins can translocate across membranes in both directions, enabling cell-to-cell transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Homeoproteins employ a unique secretion mechanism involving direct plasma membrane translocation.
  • The homeodomain and PI(4,5)P2 interaction are critical for this unconventional secretion.
  • This process underlies the paracrine activity of homeoproteins, crucial for their physiological roles.