Extracellular vesicles: A complex array of particles involved in cell-to-cell communication for tissue homeostasis

Area of Science:

• Cell Biology
• Biochemistry
• Physiology

Background:

• Cellular communication is fundamental for multicellular organisms, maintaining homeostasis and development.
• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular signaling, carrying diverse molecular cargo.
• EVs are released by cells, protected by a lipid bilayer, and can travel locally or systemically.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the known physiological functions of EVs.
• To discuss the in vivo evidence supporting these functions.
• To address the complexities of EV heterogeneity and EV-containing preparations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on EV physiological functions.
• Analysis of in vivo demonstrations of EV activity.
• Discussion of EV heterogeneity, composition, and subtypes (e.g., exosomes).

Main Results:

• EVs play significant roles in coordinating physiological processes within and across tissues.
• In vivo evidence is accumulating for the functional importance of EVs.
• Understanding EV subtypes and preparation complexity is crucial for deciphering specific activities.

Conclusions:

• EVs are vital signaling agents with diverse physiological roles.
• Further research is needed to fully elucidate EV functions, particularly considering their heterogeneity.
• Standardized methods are essential for studying specific EV activities and their therapeutic potential.