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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Online Virtual Reality Networked Control Laboratory Applied in Control Engineering Education

Online Virtual Reality Networked Control Laboratory Applied in Control Engineering Education

Published on: February 23, 2024

Learning by doing virtually.

N von Sternberg¹, M S Bartsch, A Petersik

¹University of Hamburg, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamburg, Germany.

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

|April 10, 2007

Summary

Virtual apicectomy simulator training significantly improves surgical skills. Trainees demonstrated better preservation of vital structures and reduced bone removal in physical reality after virtual practice.

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Area of Science:

Oral Surgery
Surgical Simulation
Medical Education

Background:

Apicectomy requires precise bone reduction to avoid damaging adjacent nerves and teeth.
Assessing the transferability of virtual surgical skills to real-world procedures is crucial for validating simulation training.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual apicectomy simulator (VOXEL-MAN) in improving surgical skills.
To determine if skills learned in a virtual environment are transferable to physical apicectomy procedures.

Main Methods:

Two groups of trainees were compared: one receiving virtual training before a pig cadaver apicectomy, and a control group.
Performance was assessed by the probability of preserving vital structures and the volume of bony defects created.

Main Results:

Virtual surgical training led to a six-fold increase in the probability of preserving vital neighboring structures (P<0.001).
Trainees with virtual training created significantly smaller bony defects (0.25 ml) compared to the control group (0.47 ml) (P<0.001).
The ability for objective self-assessment of performance was significantly enhanced post-virtual training.

Conclusions:

Virtual apicectomy simulator training is effective in enhancing surgical precision.
Skills acquired through virtual simulation are transferable to physical apicectomy procedures, improving patient safety outcomes.