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Related Concept Videos

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Source and Route of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Tea Samples
06:04

Source and Route of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Tea Samples

Published on: September 28, 2022

Alsike clover poisoning: A review.

P N Nation

    The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne
    |May 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) is suspected in horse diseases like photosensitivity and a fatal poisoning syndrome. However, existing evidence is insufficient to definitively prove alsike clover causes these conditions in horses.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Pathology
    • Equine Medicine
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) is linked to photosensitivity and a fatal syndrome in horses known as alsike clover poisoning.
    • Alsike clover poisoning presents with hepatic failure and neurological impairment, characterized by biliary tree fibrosis and proliferation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the literature associating alsike clover with photosensitivity and biliary fibrosis in horses.
    • To critically examine the experimental evidence implicating Trifolium hybridum in alsike clover poisoning.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of studies on Trifolium hybridum and equine diseases.
    • Critical analysis of historical feeding trials conducted by Dr. Frank Schofield (1928-1933).

    More Related Videos

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    Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

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    Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.)
    09:00

    Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.)

    Published on: January 28, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

    Source and Route of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Tea Samples
    06:04

    Source and Route of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Tea Samples

    Published on: September 28, 2022

    Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.
    09:09

    Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

    Published on: October 11, 2022

    Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.)
    09:00

    Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.)

    Published on: January 28, 2020

    Main Results:

    • Alsike clover is one of several suspected causes of photosensitivity in horses.
    • The primary pathological finding in alsike clover poisoning is fibrosis and proliferation of the biliary tree.
    • Experimental evidence from historical feeding trials is insufficient to confirm Trifolium hybridum as the cause of alsike clover poisoning.

    Conclusions:

    • The current experimental evidence does not conclusively prove that Trifolium hybridum causes alsike clover poisoning in horses.
    • Further research is needed to establish a definitive causal link between alsike clover and the observed syndrome.