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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
10:49

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Published on: June 2, 2018

Current models of the ocular motor system.

Stefan Glasauer1

  • 1Center for Sensorimotor Research, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany. sglasauer@nefo.med.uni-muenchen.de

Developments in Ophthalmology
|April 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study reviews ocular motor system models, including gaze holding, saccades, and smooth pursuit. A 3D vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) model explains eye movements during head impulses versus slow VOR responses.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • The ocular motor system controls eye movements for vision.
  • Understanding its computational models is crucial for neuroscience and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current computational models of the ocular motor system.
  • To present a simple model of the 3D vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing models for gaze holding, saccadic system, VORs, and smooth pursuit.
  • Development of a simplified 3D VOR model.

Main Results:

  • Models for the final ocular pathway, saccadic system, VORs, and smooth pursuit are discussed.

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Video-oculography in Mice
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Video-oculography in Mice

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Ex Vivo Oculomotor Slice Culture from Embryonic GFP-Expressing Mice for Time-Lapse Imaging of Oculomotor Nerve Outgrowth

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  • The 3D VOR model demonstrates distinct eye rotation axes for rapid (head impulses) versus slow VOR responses.
  • Slow VOR responses show a compromise between head-fixed axes and Listing's law.

    • Conclusions:

    • Current models provide a framework for understanding ocular motor control.
    • The 3D VOR model highlights the neural mechanisms underlying different eye movement strategies.
    • Further research can refine these models for better insights into visual-vestibular integration.