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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection
Published on: October 6, 2015
Correlates for disease progression and prognosis during concurrent HIV/TB infection
Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya1, Morten Ruhwald, Jesper Eugen-Olsen
1Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, DST/NRF Center of Excellence in Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. joe@sun.ac.za
Abstract:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both life-threatening pathogens in their own right, but their synergic effects on the immune system during co-infection markedly enhance their effect on the host. This review focuses on the bidirectional interaction between HIV and Mtb and discusses the relevance of sputum smear examination, CD4+ counts, viral load at baseline and after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy, as well as additional existing and new potential immune correlates of disease progression and prognosis. These markers include beta2-microglobulin, neopterin, tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII), CD8+/CD38+, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and CXCL10 (or IP-10).
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