Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

17.9K
An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
17.9K
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

5.8K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.8K
Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

6.7K
In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
6.7K
Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

16.9K
When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
16.9K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

9.0K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
9.0K
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

4.6K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficient <sup>15</sup>N hyperpolarization of [<sup>15</sup>N<sub>3</sub>]metronidazole antibiotic via spin-relayed pulsed SABRE-SHEATH.

Journal of magnetic resonance open·2026
Same author

Patients' pain experience in claudication: Biopsychosocial correlates of frequency, intensity, sleep interference, and chronic pain.

The journal of pain·2026
Same author

3D Phase Contrast Using Balanced Steady-State Free Precession (PC-SSFP) for Improved 4D Flow at Clinical Field Strengths.

Magnetic resonance in medicine·2026
Same author

Angle-resolved Measurements Reveal the Origin of Signal Anisotropy in Pump-probe Microscopy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Strong-Gradient Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using an Inside-Out Nonlinear Gradient Coil.

Magnetic resonance in medicine·2026
Same author

A Nonlinear Single Channel Gradient Insert for Prostate Diffusion Imaging.

Magnetic resonance in medicine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy
07:36

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

5.8K

Signal enhancement in CRAZED experiments.

Rosa T Branca1, Gigi Galiana, Warren S Warren

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704, USA. rtb9@duke.edu

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|April 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers improved CRAZED (COSY Revamped with Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection) experiments for biomedical imaging. Modifications enhance signal intensity from intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences (iMQCs) in tissues with short T2 relaxation times.

More Related Videos

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:12

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 29, 2018

7.5K
Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
07:30

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Published on: March 7, 2018

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy
07:36

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

5.8K
An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:12

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 29, 2018

7.5K
Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
07:30

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Published on: March 7, 2018

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Quantum Coherence

Background:

  • CRAZED (COSY Revamped with Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection) experiments show promise for biomedical applications.
  • Signal intensity in standard CRAZED is limited by transverse (T2) relaxation, especially in vivo.
  • Short T2 relaxation times in tissues significantly diminish signal from intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences (iMQCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the T2 relaxation limitation in CRAZED experiments for biological tissues.
  • To develop sequence modifications for enhanced iMQC signal detection in the presence of strong transverse relaxation.
  • To improve the utility of iMQCs in biomedical and clinical imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a novel method to substitute transverse magnetization with longitudinally modulated magnetization.
  • Employed simulations to model the proposed sequence modifications.
  • Validated the method through experimental results on relevant samples.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that signal intensity in the linear regime is proportional to T2/tau(d), limiting signal in short T2 environments.
  • Showed that simple CRAZED sequence modifications can increase iMQC signal beyond the T2 limit when T2 is short and T1 is long.
  • Confirmed that the standard CRAZED scheme is suboptimal for observing iMQCs under strong transverse relaxation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed modifications offer a significant improvement over standard CRAZED for iMQC detection in tissues.
  • This approach enhances signal utilization from iMQCs, particularly in challenging biological environments.
  • The findings pave the way for more sensitive and effective biomedical applications of CRAZED techniques.