Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CD4-directed nanoblades enable selective genome editing in CD4<sup>+</sup> cells and HIV suppression in vitro and in vivo.

EMBO molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Broadly neutralizing antibody-secreting CAR-T cells elicit Fc-mediated effector functions <i>in vitro</i> and suppress HIV in humanized mice.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

HIV-1 virome profiling using HIV-PULSE to guide therapeutic and curative interventions.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

The LEDGIN GS-9822 inhibits HIV-2 infection and enhances HIV-2 latency.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

HIV immunological non-responders show low SKAP1 concentration and DNA hypermethylation in the SKAP1 promotor region: Low Skap1 in HIV Immunological Non-Responders.

AIDS (London, England)·2026
Same author

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Relatively Low-Cost Method to Derive HIV-1 Integration Sites and Proviral Sequences.

Viruses·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Lentiviral nuclear import: a complex interplay between virus and host.

Jan De Rijck1, Linos Vandekerckhove, Frauke Christ

  • 1Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KULeuven and IRC KULAK, Leuven, Belgium.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|April 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Lentiviruses infect non-dividing cells, but how their preintegration complexes (PICs) enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is unclear. This review examines current knowledge, controversies, and the virus-host interplay in lentiviral nuclear import.

More Related Videos

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Published on: May 5, 2012

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
09:35

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

Published on: February 9, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Published on: May 5, 2012

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
09:35

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

Published on: February 9, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Lentiviruses are known for infecting non-dividing cells, a critical step for their replication.
  • The mechanism of nuclear import for lentiviral preintegration complexes (PICs) remains poorly understood despite extensive research.
  • Over 100 papers in 15 years highlight the complexity and unanswered questions surrounding this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of lentiviral nuclear import.
  • To identify and discuss controversies and challenges in the field.
  • To explore the intricate interplay between viral factors and host cell components during nuclear entry.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of research on lentiviral nuclear import.
  • Analysis of existing studies focusing on viral and cellular factors.
  • Discussion of unresolved questions and conflicting findings.

Main Results:

  • The specific signal facilitating PIC translocation through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is yet to be identified.
  • Nuclear import is a complex process involving interactions between viral proteins and host cell machinery.
  • Significant knowledge gaps and ongoing debates persist regarding the precise mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Despite extensive research, the nuclear import pathway for lentiviruses remains largely enigmatic.
  • Understanding the virus-host interactions is crucial for deciphering lentiviral nuclear entry.
  • Further investigation is needed to resolve controversies and elucidate the molecular details of PIC nuclear translocation.