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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Diabetic Retinopathy

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Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
07:23

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Published on: March 26, 2020

Fundus changes in central retinal artery occlusion.

Sohan Singh Hayreh1, M Bridget Zimmerman

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. sohan-hayreh@uiowa.edu

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|April 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) presents with varied fundus findings depending on its type. Understanding these ophthalmoscopic changes is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of CRAO.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
07:23

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Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
07:18

Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Published on: February 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Retinal Vascular Diseases
  • Neuro-ophthalmology

Background:

  • Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) is a critical condition leading to vision loss.
  • Ophthalmoscopic findings are key to diagnosing and understanding CRAO.
  • Variations in CRAO presentation necessitate a systematic analysis of fundus changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate and document the ophthalmoscopic fundus findings in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).
  • To classify CRAO into distinct types and analyze their associated funduscopic features.
  • To evaluate acute-phase and late-phase changes in the retina, optic disk, and retinal vessels in different CRAO subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Inclusion of 240 consecutive patients (248 eyes) diagnosed with CRAO.
  • Detailed fundus evaluation and stereoscopic color fundus photography at initial and follow-up visits.
  • Classification of CRAO into permanent, permanent with cilioretinal artery sparing, and transient types for comparative analysis.

Main Results:

  • Permanent CRAO showed initial findings like posterior retinal opacity (58%) and cherry-red spot (90%).
  • Late-stage findings included optic atrophy (91%) and retinal arterial attenuation (58%).
  • Cilioretinal artery sparing and transient CRAO exhibited different incidence rates of abnormalities compared to permanent CRAO.

Conclusions:

  • Fundus findings in CRAO vary significantly based on its type and the stage of the disease (acute vs. late).
  • Optic disk abnormalities and posterior retinal opacity are common initial signs of CRAO.
  • Clinicians must recognize the diverse presentations of CRAO to ensure appropriate patient care and management strategies.