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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Fixation and Sectioning01:03

Fixation and Sectioning

Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries
04:59

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries

Published on: July 7, 2023

Contemporary posterior occipital fixation.

Gordon H Stock1, Alexander R Vaccaro, Andrew K Brown

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Instructional Course Lectures
|May 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Occipitocervical fixation addresses instability at the head and neck junction. Modern modular systems simplify this complex surgery by allowing optimal placement of spinal and occipital anchors.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Spinal Instrumentation

Background:

  • Occipitocervical fixation is a complex surgical procedure essential for managing instability at the occipitocervical junction.
  • Effective fixation requires comprehensive understanding of anatomy, biomechanics, and available stabilization techniques and implants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the challenges and advancements in occipitocervical fixation techniques.
  • To highlight how contemporary modular systems can simplify complex surgical procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current anatomical knowledge and biomechanical principles of spinal instrumentation.
  • Analysis of various occipitocervical stabilization techniques and implant systems.
  • Evaluation of the role of patient-specific factors (injury nature, anatomy, bone quality) in determining optimal fixation.

More Related Videos

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing
05:22

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

Published on: May 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries
04:59

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries

Published on: July 7, 2023

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing
05:22

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

Published on: May 5, 2022

Main Results:

  • Occipitocervical fixation is technically demanding, with optimal technique dictated by injury, patient anatomy, and bone quality.
  • Contemporary modular fixation systems, despite initial appearance of complexity, facilitate optimal placement of occipital and spinal anchors.

Conclusions:

  • Modular occipitocervical fixation systems offer a simplified approach to managing complex junctional instability.
  • Surgeons benefit from thorough knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics to effectively utilize these advanced stabilization techniques.