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Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

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Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals

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Published on: October 1, 2014

GABA distribution in lamprey is phylogenetically conserved.

Brita Robertson¹, François Auclair, Ariane Ménard

¹Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology

|May 8, 2007

Summary

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) distribution in adult lampreys is similar to other vertebrates. This suggests the basic brain GABA innervation plan existed early in vertebrate evolution.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Comparative Anatomy
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) localization is well-documented in most vertebrates, but not in adult lampreys.
Understanding GABA distribution in lampreys is crucial for addressing its conserved patterns across the vertebrate subphylum.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the distribution and localization of GABAergic neurons in two species of adult lampreys: Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra fluviatilis.
To compare the GABAergic system in lampreys with that of other vertebrate classes.

Main Methods:

Immunohistochemical analysis was employed to map GABA-immunoreactive cells.
The study focused on the forebrain and brainstem of adult sea lamprey and river lamprey.

Main Results:

GABA-immunoreactive cells exhibited a consistent organization in both lamprey species studied.
GABAergic neurons were identified throughout the lamprey brain, including key areas like the olfactory bulb, pallia, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tectum, and brainstem nuclei.
The observed GABA distribution in cyclostomes closely resembles patterns found in other vertebrate groups, including mammals.

Conclusions:

The GABAergic neuronal organization in adult lampreys is highly conserved and similar to other vertebrates.
This conservation implies that the fundamental vertebrate brain GABA innervation plan was established at least 450 million years ago, prior to the divergence of lampreys.