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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

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Small molecule modulators in epigenetics: implications in gene expression and therapeutics.

V Swaminathan1, B A Ashok Reddy, B Ruthrotha Selvi

  • 1Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, P O, Bangalore-560064, INDIA.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|May 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetics involves heritable gene expression changes without altering DNA sequence, regulated by histone and DNA modifying enzymes. Small molecules targeting these enzymes offer therapeutic potential for diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and molecular biology
  • Gene regulation and chromatin dynamics

Background:

  • Epigenetics describes heritable gene expression changes via post-translational modifications of histones and DNA.
  • Histone and DNA modifying enzymes (e.g., acetyltransferases, deacetylases, methyltransferases) regulate gene expression.
  • Dysregulation of these enzymes is linked to diseases including cancer, RTS, and Spinal and Bulbar muscular atrophy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce histone modifying enzymes involved in gene regulation.
  • To highlight the connection between enzyme activity and disease.
  • To focus on small molecule modulators for understanding enzyme function and developing chromatin therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on histone modifying enzymes.
  • Analysis of disease mechanisms linked to epigenetic dysregulation.
  • Exploration of small molecule activators and inhibitors of HATs, HDACs, and HMTases.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key histone modifying enzymes in gene regulation.
  • Demonstration of links between aberrant enzymatic activity and various diseases.
  • Overview of small molecule modulators impacting enzyme function.

Conclusions:

  • Histone modifying enzymes are crucial for gene regulation and are implicated in disease.
  • Small molecule modulators are valuable tools for studying enzyme function.
  • Targeting these enzymes with small molecules represents a promising therapeutic strategy for chromatin-based diseases.