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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation
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Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

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Low-back pain definitions in occupational studies were categorized for a meta-analysis using Delphi consensus

Lauren E Griffith1, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Donald C Cole

  • 1Program in Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3H57, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3A5. griffith@mcaster.ca

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
|May 12, 2007
PubMed
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Experts reached consensus on combinable low back pain (LBP) outcomes for meta-analysis. This standardization aids future research by grouping similar LBP definitions effectively.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Research
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Low back pain (LBP) research lacks standardized outcome definitions.
  • This heterogeneity complicates meta-analyses and evidence synthesis.
  • Consistent definitions are crucial for reliable LBP research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify literature-based low back pain (LBP) definitions suitable for meta-analysis.
  • To group LBP outcome definitions into combinable sets.
  • To establish consensus on LBP outcome categorization.

Main Methods:

  • An e-mail-administered Delphi process involving six international experts.
  • Preliminary classification of LBP definitions into 14 sets across four outcome types.
  • Experts rated definitions using a seven-point Likert scale over three rounds.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Consensus was reached on 115 out of 119 (97%) LBP outcome definitions.
  • Twenty final sets of outcomes were identified: 3 pathology, 2 functional limitation, 2 participation, and 13 symptom/care-seeking.
  • Substantial agreement was achieved on combinable LBP outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A Delphi consensus process successfully standardized LBP outcome definitions.
  • This standardization facilitates the pooling of data for meta-analysis.
  • The identified sets provide a framework for future LBP research and systematic reviews.