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Emerging principles of regulatory evolution.

Benjamin Prud'homme1, Nicolas Gompel, Sean B Carroll

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Wisconsin, Bock Laboratories, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 15, 2007
PubMed
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Morphological diversity evolves through changes in gene regulation, particularly cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Regulatory evolution uses existing genetic components to create novelty with minimal fitness costs, driving anatomical divergence across species.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Morphological diversity arises from changes in gene deployment during development, despite conserved gene repertoires across animals.
  • Complex gene expression patterns are regulated by numerous cis-regulatory elements (CREs).
  • Morphological evolution is hypothesized to stem from alterations in gene regulatory networks and CREs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss experimental evidence supporting the role of cis-regulatory elements in morphological evolution.
  • To identify key principles governing how regulatory evolution generates novelty and drives anatomical divergence.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent experimental studies on regulatory evolution.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying changes in gene expression and CRE function.

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Main Results:

  • Regulatory evolution utilizes existing transcription factors and CREs to generate novel gene expression patterns.
  • Discrete changes in gene expression minimize fitness penalties, facilitating gradual evolutionary adaptation.
  • Transcription factors can interact with diverse downstream CREs, enabling flexible regulatory network evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory evolution, guided by specific operating principles, possesses significant creative potential.
  • These principles explain both minor morphological differences in related species and major divergences in higher taxa.
  • Understanding cis-regulatory element function is crucial for deciphering the genetic basis of evolutionary innovation.