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Related Concept Videos

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent arterioles.
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical indicator of kidney health, reflecting how well the kidneys filter blood. Changes in GFR can signal potential kidney impairment, necessitating accurate measurement methods to monitor kidney function effectively.Various molecules can serve as markers for GFR measurement, with the ideal marker meeting several specific criteria. It must freely filter at the glomerulus, avoid reabsorption or secretion by the renal tubules, remain unmetabolized, not...

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Characterizing Modulators of Protease-Activated Receptors with a Calcium Mobilization Assay Using a Plate Reader
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Paraoxonase activity in glomerulonephritic patients.

Mustafa Gullulu1, Serdar Kahvecioglu, Melahat Dirican

  • 1Department of Nephrology, University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey. kserdar@uludag.edu.tr

Renal Failure
|May 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) show increased lipoprotein oxidation and lower paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, even with normal creatinine and lipid levels. This highlights a risk for cardiovascular disease in GN patients.

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06:39

Glomerular Outgrowth as an Ex Vivo Assay to Analyze Pathways Involved in Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation

Published on: August 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in chronic renal failure patients.
  • Glomerulonephritis (GN) patients face elevated CVD risk, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
  • Lipoprotein oxidizability and paraoxonase (PON) enzyme activity are implicated in atherosclerosis development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate lipoprotein oxidizability and paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in glomerulonephritis patients.
  • To assess these factors in GN patients with normal lipid and creatinine levels.

Main Methods:

  • Compared 32 glomerulonephritis patients with 22 healthy controls.
  • Analyzed serum and urinary paraoxonase and arylesterase activities.
  • Measured serum lipids, urea, creatinine, and other biochemical parameters.

Main Results:

  • Glomerulonephritis patients exhibited significantly higher apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein oxidizability compared to controls.
  • Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity was significantly lower in the GN group.
  • Serum urea, creatinine, lipids, and protein levels were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated lipoprotein oxidizability and reduced PON1 activity in GN patients are significant, even with normal creatinine and lipid profiles.
  • These findings underscore the importance of considering cardiovascular risk in GN patients.
  • Prompt initiation of preventive and curative treatments is recommended to mitigate cardiovascular and renal risks.