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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Published on: June 16, 2020
Management of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: lessons from SLS and FAST
Nihal Fathi1, Daniel E Furst, Philip J Clements
1David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Abstract:
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a leading cause of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Two randomized controlled trials recently demonstrated the modest effects of cyclophosphamide on lung physiology (forced vital capacity) and extrapulmonary outcomes (dyspnea, function, quality of life, and skin thickening). Recommendations can now be made about the short-term management for SSc-ILD. However, many questions remain unanswered, including how long to treat with cyclophosphamide; whether patients should take maintenance therapy after the initial or induction phase; whether there are alternative therapies; how to treat patients with ILD and pulmonary hypertension; and how to treat patients with severe ILD.
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Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
