Cocaine alters heart rate dynamics in conscious ferrets

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that cocaine intoxication induces distinctive alterations in sinus rhythm heart rate dynamics. Time-series and spectral analysis techniques were used to examine the effects of lethal doses of cocaine on heart rate variability in conscious, restrained ferrets. In all animals (n = 5), cocaine administration resulted in a marked decrease in sinus rhythm heart rate variability prior to sudden death. Heart rate variability (coefficient of variation of heart rate) just prior to death (0.018 +/- 0.005) was significantly (p less than 0.02) decreased compared to that at baseline prior to cocaine administration (0.061 +/- 0.022). There was also a significant (p less than 0.02) decrease in total spectral power prior to death compared to baseline. Transient low-frequency (0.04-0.10 Hz) oscillations in heart rate were also noted in three of the five animals following cocaine administration. There were, however, no significant changes in mean heart rate in response to cocaine. Alterations in heart rate dynamics were not seen in three saline-treated controls. Lethal effects of cocaine included ventricular arrhythmias (n = 2) and seizures (n = 3). One animal developed transient ST segment elevations that were consistent with coronary vasospasm. In conclusion, lethal doses of cocaine in the conscious ferret induce characteristic alterations in heart rate dynamics. These abnormalities (loss of heart rate variability and the appearance of low-frequency heart rate oscillations) are similar to those reported previously in certain patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death due to organic heart disease.