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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

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Published on: February 22, 2017

HIV-1 replication from after cell entry to the nuclear periphery.

David Warrilow1, David Harrich

  • 1Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. David.Warrilow@qimr.edu.au

Current HIV Research
|May 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

HIV-1 infection involves viral entry and core rearrangement for DNA conversion. Host cell kinases and cytoskeleton transport may regulate this vulnerable stage, impacting retrovirus replication.

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Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection begins with viral envelope fusion and core entry into the cytoplasm.
  • The viral core undergoes rearrangement to form the reverse transcription complex, converting genomic RNA to DNA.
  • This early stage is vulnerable to host restriction factors like TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3G.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulation of HIV-1 core rearrangement during early infection.
  • To explore the potential role of host-cell kinases in regulating core rearrangement and complex interactions.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of cytoplasmic transport of the HIV-1 virion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic, biochemical, and microscopy studies.
  • Analysis of host-cell kinase involvement in viral replication.
  • Interpretation of real-time microscopy experiments with fluorescent probes.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 core rearrangement is crucial for reverse transcription and potentially regulated by viral proteins (Gag).
  • Host restriction factors pose a threat during this vulnerable stage.
  • Host-cell kinases may regulate core rearrangement or complex interactions.
  • Virions utilize the cytoskeleton, specifically actin filaments and microtubules, for intracellular transport.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 core rearrangement is a critical, yet not fully understood, step in infection.
  • Host-cell kinases and cytoskeleton-mediated transport are potential regulators of early viral replication.
  • Understanding these processes could reveal new therapeutic targets against HIV-1.