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Related Concept Videos

Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation01:24

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling the body to obtain oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of pulmonary ventilation, including its underlying principles, mechanisms, and the interplay of pressures within the respiratory system.
Boyle's law becomes particularly pertinent when examining respiratory...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes
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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

Published on: March 15, 2018

Inhaled insulin and the lung.

Leonello Fuso1, Dario Pitocco, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi

  • 1Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy. leofuso@rm.unicatt.it

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|May 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Inhaled insulin offers an effective, non-invasive alternative for managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Factors like delivery system and respiratory health influence its effectiveness and safety.

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Drug Delivery
  • Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Pulmonary insulin delivery presents a promising, non-invasive alternative to traditional diabetes management.
  • Inhaled insulin demonstrates comparable efficacy to subcutaneous insulin and oral agents for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • Key benefits include improved metabolic control and a less invasive administration route.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and influencing factors of inhaled insulin therapy.
  • To identify challenges and potential risks associated with pulmonary insulin delivery.
  • To clarify indications and safety profiles for inhaled insulin use.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physico-chemical factors affecting inhaled insulin bioavailability.

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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes
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07:28

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Published on: April 6, 2017

  • Analysis of respiratory mechanics and delivery system influences on drug deposition.
  • Examination of pharmacokinetic alterations due to external factors (smoke, lung disease) and patient characteristics (age).

    • Main Results:

    • Physico-chemical properties, delivery systems, and respiratory mechanics impact deep-lung insulin deposition and bioavailability.
    • Factors such as smoke and pre-existing lung diseases can alter inhaled insulin absorption and pharmacokinetics.
    • Potential mild depression in carbon monoxide lung transfer and age-related pharmacokinetic changes were observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimizing inhaled insulin therapy requires understanding its interaction with delivery systems and respiratory physiology.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the impact of lung diseases and aging on inhaled insulin efficacy and safety.
    • Clarifying these factors is essential for establishing definitive indications and ensuring the safe use of inhaled insulin.