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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Establishment of a Murine Pulp Exposure Model with a Novel Mouth-Gag for Pulpitis Research
Published on: October 27, 2023
Innate immune responses of the dental pulp to caries
Chin-Lo Hahn1, Frederick R Liewehr
1Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 520 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 3298-0566, USA
Abstract:
Various cells and inflammatory mediators are involved in the initial pulpal responses to caries. This review focuses on the cellular, neuronal, and vascular components of pulpal innate responses to caries. Discussion will include dentinal fluid, odontoblasts, neuropeptides, and neurogenic inflammation, which are not classic immune components but actively participate in the inflammatory response as the caries progress pulpally. Summaries of innate immune cells as well as their cytokines and chemokines in healthy and reversible pulpitis tissues are presented.
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