Smoking interacts with sleep apnea to increase cardiovascular risk
1Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory Ruth and Bruce Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Efron Street 7, Bat Galim, Haifa, Israel.
Sleep Medicine
|May 22, 2007
Summary
Cigarette smoking and sleep apnea synergistically increase cardiovascular risk. Smokers with severe sleep apnea exhibit elevated inflammatory markers and lower HDL cholesterol, indicating a heightened risk compared to non-smokers.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pulmonology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Sleep apnea syndrome and cigarette smoking are significant risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the pathophysiology of both conditions.
- This study investigates oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in smoking and non-smoking sleep apnea patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in smoking and non-smoking patients with sleep apnea.
- To determine the synergistic effects of smoking and sleep apnea severity on cardiovascular risk markers.
- To compare cardiovascular risk profiles between smoking and non-smoking sleep apnea patients.
Main Methods:
- Matched cohort study of 70 patients (35 smokers, 35 non-smokers) with sleep apnea.
- Assessment of lipids profile, oxidative stress markers (TBARS, peroxides, paraoxonase-1), and inflammatory markers (CRP, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin).
- Individual matching based on age, gender, BMI, sleep apnea severity, and cardiovascular disease presence.
Main Results:
- Smokers exhibited higher C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and triglycerides, and lower HDL cholesterol than non-smokers.
- Significant interaction between smoking and apnea severity on ceruloplasmin and HDL levels.
- Smokers with severe sleep apnea showed the highest ceruloplasmin and lowest HDL levels.
Conclusions:
- A synergistic effect exists between cigarette smoking and sleep apnea on biochemical cardiovascular risk markers.
- Patients with severe sleep apnea who smoke face a greater cardiovascular risk.
- This highlights the compounded risk in individuals with both severe sleep apnea and smoking habits.
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